Le centre et le nord de la Chine, touchés depuis trois mois par une sécheresse hivernale exceptionnelle, viennent d'être placés en état d'alerte maximal. Quelque 300 millions de yuans supplémentaires (30 millions d'euros) ont été débloqués par le gouvernement en plus des 100 millions déjà annoncés pour lutter contre les conséquences du manque d'eau pour l'agriculture et la population des zones concernées.
Selon le Bureau du contrôle des inondations et de lutte contre la sécheresse, 10,33 millions d'hectares de cultures céréalières sont affectés, menaçant 43 % de la récolte hivernale de céréales du pays ; 4,29 millions de personnes et 2,07 millions d'animaux seraient victimes du manque d'eau potable.
Pékin et la province du Hebei qui l'entoure n'ont pas vu une goutte de pluie depuis cent jours. L'hiver y est traditionnellement une saison sèche et les sols sont de toute façon gelés, mais le manque d'eau empêche le renouvellement des nappes phréatiques dans un contexte de pénurie croissante pour la capitale, qui, depuis septembre 2008, est raccordée par un nouveau canal à des réservoirs du Hebei. Deux des provinces les plus touchées, l'Anhui et le Henan, qui n'a jamais connu aussi peu de précipitations en cinquante ans, sont parmi les plus peuplées de Chine et aussi les plus pauvres : la sécheresse pourrait amputer de 20 % les récoltes céréalières et faire grimper les prix. Or nombre de leurs habitants, qui s'emploient dans les usines de la Chine urbaine pour compléter les revenus de l'agriculture, ont actuellement des difficultés à retrouver un emploi après le Nouvel An chinois en raison du ralentissement économique.
L'intensité de la sécheresse hivernale montre combien la Chine est vulnérable aux conséquences du réchauffement climatique : experts et écologistes chinois et étrangers tirent pourtant la sonnette d'alarme depuis des années au sujet du manque structurel d'eau auquel est confronté le pays.
Le développement économique à tout va, l'absence d'une politique tarifaire plus pénalisante pour les consommateurs, la pollution et l'inefficacité de l'agriculture ont mis en péril sa sécurité hydrique et déjà rompu les équilibres dans la partie nord du pays. Ainsi, l'irrigation continue en Chine d'être pratiquée par inondation, une technique synonyme de gaspillage des ressources. Quant aux grands projets de diversion des eaux, ils sont critiqués pour ne pas assez prendre en considération des aspects essentiels comme, notamment, la qualité de l'eau.
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